| |
copper and copper alloy application
1. Electric Industrial Application
※ power transmission
Power transmission in the consumption needs of a large number of high-conductivity copper, the main driving force for Shanghai. Cable lines, bus, transformers, switches, and connectivity, etc..
Wire and cable in the transmission process, the resistance because of fever and wasted electricity.
From the energy-saving and economic point of view, the world is promoting "and" the best cross-section cable "and" standards. Past popular standards, simply by lowering a loaded investment point of view, in order to minimize cable section, to the design requirements of the current ratings, not to dangerous overheating, to determine the minimum allowed size cables. According to such criteria laid cables, although the installation costs low, but in the long-term process, the resistance greater than the energy consumption. "" Best cable section, "" standard, according to a balanced with the cost and power consumption of these two factors, the appropriate cables to enlarge size, to achieve the best integrated and cost-effective energy-saving purposes.
Under the new standards, cable cross-section than the old standards are often more than double, get about 50 percent of the energy-saving effect.
China in the past period of time, due to shortage of steel, aluminum taking into account the proportion of only 30% of copper, in the hope that reducing the weight of overhead high-voltage transmission lines have been taken in the aluminum and copper to the measures. At present environmental protection considerations, the air to the laying of transmission lines will be underground cables. In this case, aluminum and copper compared to existing cable and poor conductivity of the shortcomings of larger size, and humbled.
The same reason, to energy-saving and efficient copper winding transformers to replace the old aluminum winding transformers, is also a wise choice.
※ Motor Manufacturing
In the electrical manufacturing, the extensive use of high-conductivity and high-strength alloys of copper. Copper is the main part of stator and rotor shaft and first class. In large motor, the windings to the cooling water or hydrogen, known as the double-cold water, or hydrogen cooling motor, which requires the length of the hollow wire.
The use of electric motor is large, accounting for all of the power supply to 60 percent. A total motor running high tariffs, usually in the first 5 00 hours of work on this easy to reach the electrical cost for one year, equivalent to the cost of four to 16 times during the entire working life to achieve cost 200 times.
Improve the efficiency of a small motor, not only energy conservation; and will be significant economic benefits. Development and application of high efficiency motors, is currently the world's a hot topic.
As the internal electrical energy consumption, the resistance comes mainly from winding loss, therefore, increased copper cross-section is the development of a key motor efficiency measures.
The first in recent years has developed a number of high efficiency motors compared with traditional motor, copper winding increase in the use of 25 to 100 percent.
Currently, the U.S. Department of Energy is funding a development project, to be used to cast copper rotor technology production.
※ communications cables
Since the 1980s, because of current-carrying capacity of fiber optic cables, and other big advantages in communications Route on replacing the copper cables, and rapid application.
However, the electrical energy into light, and enter the user's line still use a lot of copper.
With the development of communication, people on the increasing dependence on communications, the fiber optic cable and copper wires of the demand will continue to increase.
※ residential electric lines
In recent years, as China's people's living standards improve, household appliances rapidly growing popularity of residential electricity load growth soon. 1987 electricity consumption for the residents of 26.96 billion (l = 1 kilowatt of × hours), 10 the year after the 1996 rose to 113.1 billion, increasing 3.2 times. Nevertheless, compared with developed countries there is still a big gap between. For example, the 1995 U.S. per-capita electricity consumption in China is 14.6 times that of Japan is China's 8.6 times.
China's consumption of electricity residents there are still great development in the future. Is expected from 1996 to 2005, but also growth l. Four times.
2. The application of the electronics industry
The electronics industry is emerging industries, it brought in the process of development, and constantly develop new products and steel of new applications. Currently, it has been from the application of electric vacuum devices and printed circuit, to the development of microelectronics and semiconductor integrated circuits.
※ power vacuum devices
Vacuum devices, mainly high-frequency and ultra-high frequency of launches, waveguide, the magnetron, they need high-purity oxygen-free copper and dispersion strengthened oxygen-free copper.
※ printed circuit
Printed circuit copper, copper foil, as is the surface, as a paste in support of the plastic board, with photographic approach to printed circuit wiring pattern Tongban; through etching to remove the excess part of each other and stay connected Circuit.
Then, on the printed circuit board connected with the outside of the punching, discrete components of the joints or other parts of the terminal insertion, I welded in this way, so a complete assembly line will be completed. If the dip, all the welding joints can be completed first. In this way, for those who need to fine circuit layout of the occasion, such as radio, television, computer, a printed circuit can save a lot of wiring and fixed loop of the workforce; which are widely used, the consumption needs of a large number of copper foil.
In addition, the circuit also in connection with various low-cost, low melting point, good mobility of copper-based brazing materials.
※ IC
Microelectronics technology is the core of integrated circuits. IC refers to the semiconductor crystal materials for the substrate (chip), a specialized technology will form the circuit components and interconnects in integrated within the substrate, the surface of the substrate or on the miniaturized circuit. This micro-circuits in the structure of the most compact than the discrete components in the circuit of small size and weight on the tens of thousands of times.
It has caused the emergence of the great computer revolution and become the foundation of modern information technology. Currently has developed a super-large-scale integrated circuits, than the small nail Salim also a small area on a single chip, can make the number of transistors, has amounted to hundreds of thousands or even millions more.
Recently, the world's leading computer company IBM (IBM), has been used instead of silicon steel in the aluminum for interconnect, a breakthrough has been made. This use of new copper microchips, will be 30% of the performance gain, the line circuit size can be reduced to 0.12 micron will enable integrated on a single chip the number of transistors reach 2 million. This is the old metal copper, in the semiconductor integrated circuit this latest technology in the field of application, and created a new situation.
※ Lead Frame
In order to protect integrated circuits or mixed-circuit the normal work, it needs a package, and in the package, the circuit from a large number of joints with sealing up the body.
These requirements lead to a certain extent the strength, composition of the integrated circuit package of support skeleton, known as the lead frame. Actual production, in order to high-speed mass production, lead frame is usually in a metal into the specific arrangement for punching from. Framework of the total cost of the integrated circuit 1 / 3 ~ l / 4, and the great amount, therefore, must have a low cost.
Low prices of copper alloy, high strength, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, processing performance, needle welding and corrosion resistance and good through the alloy in a wide range of control over their performance, better able to meet the performance lead frame Requirements, has become an important lead frame material. It is the steel in microelectronics devices in a maximum amount of material.
3. Travel Industry Application
※ ship
As good corrosion-resistant water, many copper alloy, such as: aluminum bronze, manganese bronze, aluminum brass, artillery copper (zinc-bronze), steel and nickel-copper alloy (Monel alloy) has become the standard shipbuilding materials. In general warships and merchant ships themselves, copper and copper alloy for 2 to 3 percent.
Most large warships and merchant ships are spiral pulp manufacture aluminium bronze or brass. Spiral pulp each ship 20 to 25 tons of weight. Queen Elizabeth and Queen Mary, the aircraft carrier spiral pulp each weighing 3 5 tons.
Ship heavy tail shaft common "and" Admiral "and" Gun copper, pulp of the rudder and spiral cone bolts also use the same material. Engine and boiler rooms are large steel and copper alloy. A world's first nuclear-powered merchant ships, used 30 tons of white copper Lengning Guan. Recently Al Huang brass of large oil tank for heating coil. In the 100,000-tonne vessel has 12 such storage tanks, the corresponding size of the heating system is considerable. The electrical equipment on board are very complex, engine, motor, communication systems depend almost entirely on copper and copper alloy to work. The cabin size of vessels within the regular steel and copper alloy to decoration. Even wooden boat, the best steel alloy (usually silicon bronze) screws and nails to the wood structure fixed, the screw can be rolled out mass-produced.
In order to prevent the hull was defaced impact on navigation of the sea, in the past often used to protect the copper-coated now, the widespread use copper paint brush solutions to the problems.
World War II, for the Royal anti-German magnetic mines on the ship's attacks, had developed a magnetic anti-mine devices, in the steel hull of a circle around the Copperbelt, on the current to-ship and in the magnetic field so that you can Not detonate mines.
From 1944, the allied forces of all vessels, totalling about 18,000 vessels are fitted with such magnetic devices to have been protected. To this end a number of major warships would take a lot of copper, for example, which spent a copper wire 28 miles long and weighing about 30 tons.
※ car
Vehicle copper per 10 ~ 2 I kilograms, with the vehicle type and size vary, for the dignity of cars accounted for about 6 to 9 percent. Copper and copper alloy used radiator, brake system pipes, hydraulic equipment, gears, bearings, brake friction films, and power distribution systems, washers and various fittings, accessories and decorative pieces, and so on. Which is greater than steel radiator. The band of modern-radiators, brass band with a radiator pipe welding, with thin copper strip folded into a song heat sink.
In recent years in order to further improve the performance of copper radiators, aluminum radiator enhance its competitiveness, made many improvements.
In the material, to add trace elements of copper in order to meet the thermal conductivity of the loss is not under the premise of improving their strength and softening point, thereby thinning the thickness of material, savings of steel in the manufacturing process, using high-frequency Or laser welding brass, and used instead of welding Gangqian vulnerable to lead pollution of soft solder assembly radiator cores.
The outcome of these efforts are shown in Table 6.2, and aluminum brazing radiators compared to the same heat conditions, that is, in the same air and coolant pressure lowered, the new copper radiator of the lighter weight, size Significantly reduced steel with the good corrosion resistance, long life, copper radiator of the more obvious advantages.
In addition, in recent years to environmental protection, and vigorously promote the development of electric vehicles, the volume of steel per vehicle will be multiplied.
※ Railway
Railway electrification of copper and copper alloy requirements great. Per kilometre of overhead wires needed more than two tons of special-shaped copper wire. In order to increase its strength, often by adding a small amount of copper (about 1 per cent) or silver (of%). In addition, the motor on the train, rectifiers and control, brake, electrical and signal systems must rely on copper and copper alloy to work.
※ aircraft
The aircraft also can not be separated from sailing copper. For example: the aircraft wiring, hydraulic, pneumatic and cooling system requires the use of copper, the bearings and maintain the landing gear bearing a bronze aluminum tubing, navigation instrument of anti-magnetic steel alloy, a large number of instruments used in elastic components, and so on breaking copper.
4. The application of light industry
Light industry products and is closely related to people's lives, variety, variety. Because steel has good properties, everywhere can see that it showcases the sight. For example, to name a few are now under:
※ air-conditioners and freezers
Air-conditioners and freezers of temperature control, mainly through heat exchangers brass of the role of evaporation and condensation to achieve. Heat exchange of heat and the size and heat transfer performance, to a large extent determine the entire air conditioners and refrigeration equipment and the performance of small.
In these machines are used in high thermal conductivity of the special-shaped brass. Good use of the processing performance, has recently developed and produced in the groove with the heat and high-finned tubes, used in the manufacture of air conditioners, freezers, chemicals and waste heat to mouth in the heat exchangers and other devices, will enable the new hot Switch the total thermal conductivity of the ordinary to use the two or three times, and the use of ordinary low-finned tube of 1.2 to 1.3 times, has been in domestic use, can save 40 percent of the copper, and to narrow the size of a heat exchanger / 3 above.
※ watches
The current production of watches and clocks, watches and clocks, timer and the device, most of which are composed of parts of the work "and" watches and clocks, brass, "" manufacturing.
To 2% in the alloy containing the lead, a good processing performance, suitable for mass production. For example, gear from a long brass rod cut to squeeze, from the corresponding round-the thickness of the material out, with brass and other copper alloy production Lou engraved on the bell and the screws and connectors, and so on.
A lot cheaper watches with guns copper (zinc-bronze) manufacture, or plated with nickel silver (white copper). Some well-known of all the 10-minute production of steel and copper alloy. British "Big Ben" clock using a solid shot Tong Gan, Fenzhen with the 14-foot-long brass.
A modern clocks, plants, with copper alloy as the main materials used presses and precision die processing, can be produced per day from 10,000 to 30,000 watches, the cost is very low.
※ paper
In the current changing information society, paper consumption great. Paper appears simple, but papermaking process is very complex and require many steps, many of machinery, including the cooler, evaporation, beating, the paper machine, and so on. Many of these components, such as: all kinds of heat exchange tubes, roll round against rods, semi-liquid pumps and screen, most of alloy steel production.
For example, the current network of long paper machine, to its system of good pulp jet to the rapid movement of small mesh (40 to 60 heads) on the mesh. Mesh from the brass and phosphor bronze silk weaving from, it's great width, usually in 20 feet (6 meters) above, to maintain completely straight. Mesh in a series of small brass or copper roller on the campaign, when sprayed with the pulp of its adoption, the moisture from the air suction out below. Net at the same time so that the vibration of the small pulp fibers bonded together.
Large paper machine of the mesh size large, can reach 26 feet 8 inches wide (8. L m) long and 100 feet (0.5 meters). Wetlands not only aquifer pulp, paper and contain the chemical used in the pharmaceutical, highly corrosive. In order to ensure the quality of paper, cloth material on the net very strict requirements, not only have high strength and flexibility and resistance to corrosion pulp, copper alloy fully competent.
※ printing
Tongban used for printing photographic plate. Tongban polishing the surface with latex-sensitive after the imaging camera on it. Photographic Tongban after heating the plastic to be hardening. To avoid heat softened, and often contain a small amount of copper in silver or arsenic, to raise the temperature to soften. Then, on a version of corrosion, a graphic idea of a convex surface of the printing.
In automatic typesetting machine, it is necessary to block through the scheduling of brass font, to create type version, which is copper in the printing of another important purpose. Font block is usually used leaded brass, copper or sometimes also used bronze.
※ medicine
The pharmaceutical industry, all kinds of steaming, boiling, vacuum devices and so on with copper production. In medical devices are widely used in zinc Cupronickel. Or copper alloy frame glasses, and other commonly used materials
5. Copper used in construction
※ pipeline system
As a handsome durable steel pipes, ease of installation, security, fire prevention, health care, and many other advantages, and it galvanized steel pipe and plastic pipe obvious advantages compared to the price performance ratio.
In residential and public buildings, for water, heat, gas and fire sprinkler system, increasing people's favor, become the preferred material. In developed countries, copper water supply system has a large proportion. New York known as the world's sixth high-rise buildings in Manhattan, of which only a water system, spent brass 60,000 feet (l km).
In Europe, consumption of large water pipe used. Britain's drinking water pipe with an average consumption of 1.6 kilograms per person per year, Japan is 0.2 kilograms. As galvanized steel pipes to rust, many countries have explicitly banned. Hong Kong as early as January 1996 from the Prohibition of the Use, also in Shanghai in May 1998 come into effect. China's housing construction, promote the use of brass, it is imperative.
※ housing renovation
Steel production in Europe by leaking roofs and canopies have been traditional. The Nordic countries even use it for wall decoration. Atmospheric corrosion-resistant copper good, durable and can be recovered, it has the good of the processing can easily create a complex shape, but it also handsome color; thus very suitable for use as housing renovation. Its ancient churches and other buildings on the roof of their own long history, is still a tempting glory, but even in modern large-scale construction of residential apartments and the construction of the application of more and more. For example: in London, the British representative of the modern art of architecture "and" the Commonwealth "," building the roof complex shape, with steel construction, weighing about 25 tons; opened in 1966, the Crystal Palace sports centre, 60 tons of steel made wavy The roof, and so on. According to statistics, used as the copper roof, in Germany the average annual consumption per person per 0.8 kilograms, 0.2 kilograms for the United States.
In addition, house decoration, such as: door handles, locks, 100, according to a column, lamp, Qiangshi and a kitchen, and so on, the use of steel products not only durable and disinfection of public health, and decorated the elegant atmosphere, by the people Favorite.
6. On the application of high-tech
※ computer
※ and low-temperature superconducting
The recent discovery of a number of critical temperature higher material, known as "" high-temperature superconducting materials "," they are mostly complex oxides. Comparing the earlier discovery and is a well-known copper-based lead oxide (YB2 Cu3 O7), the critical temperature of 90 K, can work in liquid nitrogen temperatures.
There was no access to critical temperature in the vicinity of the material at room temperature; difficult to make these materials and large objects, they can maintain the current density of superconductivity also is not high enough. Therefore, it is still not strong occasions, the application, pending further research and development.
※ space technology
Rockets, satellites and space shuttles, in addition to micro-electronic control systems and equipment, instrumentation, many key components to use copper and copper alloy.
For example: the combustion chamber and rocket engine thrust chamber within the village, we can use the excellent thermal conductivity of steel to cool in order to maintain the temperature within the allowed range. Asia in the five rocket combustion chamber of the village, which is one silver and one bronze with gold, in this village SR 360 to the processing within the cooling channel, rocket launchers when the liquid hydrogen-cooled.
In addition, the copper alloy is also carrying satellite components used in the structure of the standard material. Sun board on the satellite is usually from copper and several other elements of the alloy made of.
| |
